Effectiveness of the Citroen C4 Robot and Ice Television Advertisements

Citroã «n burn through millions on their publicizing efforts, similar to some other organization. The segment and psychographic for Citroã «n has changed over ongoing years. They were first intended to interest more established drivers and now they are speaking to an altogether new and distinctive crowd. Utilizing music, shading and embellishments they are attempting to pull in a more youthful market. Despite the fact that both of the notices are speaking to marginally various crowds, the two of them have a great time feel and look about them. The music utilized in the C4 ?Robot? advert plays when the advert begins. It is exceptionally crazy, present day, and forward-thinking to draw in and bid to more youthful drivers hoping to purchase their clench hand, possibly second, vehicle. The music likewise fits in well with the cutting edge advanced foundation of the ad and structure of the vehicle. Most youngsters need the most recent innovation, as we are an innovation time, thus I would state that the music reflects about the vehicle very well. The music is non-digetic, as should be obvious the source (where it is coming from). The executive plays this. The ?Robot? moves to the music with 90?s style moves, and the individuals who might value them are in their 20?s. The moving likewise identifies with a dance club. This again is focusing on the age of more youthful vehicle drivers. The music that is utilized in the ?Ice? advert is marginally unique to that utilized in the ?Robot? advert. It is still very up-beat yet not as much as the music utilized in the ?Robot? advert, as the advert is focused on a somewhat more seasoned crowd, individuals possibly with families and greater obligation as the accentuation is on wellbeing. As in the ?Robot? promotion, the music is again non-digetic. Rather than moving to the music, the robot skates on ice and the music isn?t the... ...s down at us, the watchers, as it completes ice skating. He looks threatening proposing that the vehicle is in charge and when you are driving the vehicle you feel incredible and overwhelm, cat like a puma is a forceful creature. In the wake of assessing the two promotions, and breaking down the consequences for the focused on crowds, I think the ?Robot? advert is the best in speaking to its intended interest group, first time vehicle purchasers, since the entirety of the gadgets and strategies utilized draw in the crowd well indeed. The notice demonstrated the vehicle to be something that most first time vehicle purchasers are searching for, a smooth, clever, little however open, crazy and current and furthermore mechanical vehicle. The best gadgets utilized were sound and embellishments. This is on the grounds that the sound grabs the eye of the watchers yet the enhancements make the watchers watch and need the vehicle.

Free Essays on Requiem For An Aristocrat

Memorial for an Aristocrat â€Å"It’s desolate at the top,† a prosaism that Faulkner reaffirms in his traditional short story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† In this southern story, a social class structure isolated the â€Å"high and forceful Griersons† from the remainder of the town. After the Civil War, the southern high society was diminishing with the northern industrialists ascending in national impact. Emily Grierson was the result of an overprotective single parent bringing up a high society kid. During this time the southern high society type was viewed as a perishing breed. Emily’s father ingrained qualities and ethics that solitary a self-important blue-blood could set in a kid. Emily’s powerlessness to include herself in social settings, her glaring negligence of the law, and her extreme way to deal with personal connections all originate from her father’s childhood. The town was loaded up with individuals Emily wanted to associate with. She kept herself bolted inside her home and sent Tobe, her worker, to deal with for the most part all commitments that necessary social communications. She spent most of her life inside this stronghold of isolation she thought about home. During Emily’s years as a youngster, she was persuaded none of the youngsters merited her. The youngsters didn't match her father’s desires so he excused them. Indeed, even at thirty years old, Emily stayed single since her dad would confine her social association. So it was regular for the townspeople to shun partner with such recognized individuals. The whole town went to Emily Grierson’s burial service without knowing her past her name. This sort o f childhood left Emily disconnected. Emily held a â€Å"above-the-law† demeanor that was basic among nobles in the southern states around then. Once Emily’s father kicked the bucket, the city hall leader felt committed to permit Emily to cease from making good on charges. At the point when Emily visited her pharmacist for arsenic, he all... Free Essays on Requiem For An Aristocrat Free Essays on Requiem For An Aristocrat Composition for an Aristocrat â€Å"It’s forlorn at the top,† a buzzword that Faulkner reaffirms in his old style short story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† In this southern story, a social class structure isolated the â€Å"high and forceful Griersons† from the remainder of the town. After the Civil War, the southern high society was waning with the northern industrialists ascending in national impact. Emily Grierson was the result of an overprotective single parent bringing up a high society kid. During this period the southern high society type was viewed as a withering variety. Emily’s father ingrained qualities and ethics that lone an egotistical privileged person could set in a youngster. Emily’s failure to include herself in social settings, her obtrusive negligence of the law, and her extreme way to deal with close connections all originate from her father’s childhood. The town was loaded up with individuals Emily wanted to collaborate with. She kept herself bolted inside her home and sent Tobe, her worker, to deal with for the most part all commitments that necessary social collaborations. She spent most of her life inside this stronghold of isolation she thought about home. During Emily’s years as a youngster, she was persuaded none of the youngsters merited her. The youngsters didn't match her father’s desires so he excused them. Indeed, even at thirty years old, Emily stayed single since her dad would constrain her social association. So it was regular for the townspeople to abstain from partner with such recognized individuals. The whole town went to Emily Grierson’s memorial service without knowing her past her name. This sort o f childhood left Emily disengaged. Emily held a â€Å"above-the-law† disposition that was basic among privileged people in the southern states around then. Once Emily’s father kicked the bucket, the civic chairman felt committed to permit Emily to avoid making good on charges. At the point when Emily visited her pharmacist for arsenic, he all...

The Genetic Code

The Genetic Code Overview This module will look at how data is encoded in DNA, and how that data is deciphered to achieve changes in cells and tissues. Goals 1. Comprehend the triplet idea of the hereditary code, and know the significance of the term codon. 2. Realize that the code is degenerate, and what that implies. 3. Realize that the code is unambiguous, and what that implies. 4. Know the personalities of the beginning and stop codons, and see how they work. The Genetic Code It has been referenced in an assortment of modules that DNA stores hereditary information.That much was obvious from theâ experimentsâ of Avery, Macleod, and McCarty and Hershey and Chase. In any case, these analyses didn't explain how DNA stores hereditary data. Clarification of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick didn't offer an undeniable clarification of how the data may be put away. DNA was built from nucleotides containing just four potential bases (A, G, C, and T). The unavoidable issue was : how would you code for the entirety of the attributes of a living being utilizing just a four letter letters in order? Review theâ central authoritative opinion of atomic biology.The data put away in DNA is eventually moved to protein, which is the thing that gives cells and tissues their specific properties. Proteins are direct chains of amino acids, and there are 20 amino acids found in proteins. So the genuine inquiry turns out to be: how does a four letter letters in order code for every single imaginable mix of 20 amino acids? By developing multi-letter â€Å"words† out of the four letters in the letters in order, it is conceivable to code for the entirety of the amino acids. In particular, it is conceivable to make 64 distinctive three letter words from simply the four letters of the hereditary letters in order, which covers the 20 amino acids easily.This sort of thinking prompted the proposition of a triplet hereditary code. Examinations involvingâ in vitroâ trans lation of short engineered RNAs in the long run affirmed that the hereditary code is to be sure a triplet code. The three-letter â€Å"words† of the hereditary code are known asâ codons. This trial approach was likewise used to work out the connection between singular codons and the different amino acids. After this â€Å"cracking† of the hereditary code, a few properties of the hereditary code got clear: * The hereditary code is made out of nucleotide triplets.In different words, three nucleotides in mRNA (a codon) indicate one amino corrosive in a protein. * The code is non-covering. This implies progressive triplets are perused all together. Every nucleotide is a piece of just a single triplet codon. * The hereditary code is unambiguous. Every codon determines a specific amino corrosive, and just a single amino corrosive. As it were, the codon ACG codes for the amino corrosive threonine, andâ onlyâ threonine. * The hereditary code is degenerate. Conversely, every amino corrosive can be determined byâ moreâ than one codon. * The code is about universal.Almost all living beings in nature (from microorganisms to people) use the very same hereditary code. The uncommon exemptions remember a few changes for the code in mitochondria, and in a couple of protozoan animal groups. * A Non-covering Code * The hereditary code is perused in gatherings (or â€Å"words†) of three nucleotides. In the wake of perusing one triplet, the â€Å"reading frame† moves more than three letters, not only a couple. In the accompanying model, the code wouldâ notâ be read GAC, ACU, CUG, UGA†¦ * Rather, the code would be perused GAC, UGA, CUG, ACU†¦ * Degeneracy of the Genetic Code There are 64 distinctive triplet codons, and just 20 amino acids. Except if some amino acids are indicated by more than one codon, a few codons would be totally pointless. Consequently, some repetition is incorporated with the framework: some amino acids are coded fo r by numerous codons. Sometimes, the excess codons are identified with one another by succession; for instance, leucine is indicated by the codons CUU, CUA, CUC, and CUG. Note how the codons are the equivalent aside from the third nucleotide position. This third position is known as the â€Å"wobble† position of the codon.This is on the grounds that in various cases, the character of the base at the third position can wobble, and a similar amino corrosive will in any case be indicated. This property permits some insurance against transformation †if a transformation happens at the third situation of a codon, there is a decent possibility that the amino corrosive determined in the encoded protein won't change. * Reading Frames * If you consider it, in light of the fact that the hereditary code is triplet based, there are three potential ways a specific message can be perused, as appeared in the accompanying figure: * Clearly, each of these would yield totally unique result s.To outline the point utilizing a relationship, think about the accompanying arrangement of letters: * theredfoxatethehotdog * If this series of letters is perused three letters one after another, there is one perusing outline that works: * the red fox ate the frank * and two perusing outlines that produce drivel: * t her edf oxa tet heh otd og * th ere dfo xat eth eho tdo g * Genetic messages work similarly: there is one perusing outline that bodes well, and two perusing outlines that are jabber. * So how is the perusing outline picked for a particular mRNA? The appropriate response is found in the hereditary code itself.The code contains signals for beginning and halting interpretation of the code. Theâ start codon is AUG. AUG likewise codes for the amino corrosive methionine, however the main AUG experienced signs for interpretation to start. The beginning codon sets the understanding edge: AUG is the main triplet, and resulting triplets are perused in a similar understan ding edge. Interpretation proceeds until aâ stop codonâ is experienced. There are three stop codons: UAA, UAG, and UGA. To be perceived as a stop codon, the tripletâ mustâ be in a similar perusing outline as the beginning codon. A perusing outline between a beginning codon and an in-outline stop codon is called anâ open perusing frame.Let's perceive how an arrangement would be interpreted by thinking about the accompanying succession: 5†²-GUCCCGUGAUGCCGAGUUGGAGUCGAUAACUCAGAAU-3†² First, the code is perused in aâ 5†² to 3†² bearing. The primary AUG read toward that path sets the understanding edge, and ensuing codons are perused in outline, until the stop codon, UAA, is experienced. Note that there are three nucleotides, UAG (showed by reference bullets) that would some way or another comprise a stop codon, then again, actually the codon is out of edge and isn't perceived as a stop. In this succession, there are nucleotides at either end that are outsi de of the open perusing frame.Because they are outside of the open understanding edge, these nucleotides are not used to code for amino acids. This is typical in mRNA particles. The district at the 5†² end that isn't interpreted is called theâ 5†² untranslated locale, orâ 5†² UTR. The district at the 3†² end is called theâ 3†² UTR. These arrangements, despite the fact that they don't encode any polypeptide succession, are not squandered: in eukaryotes these districts ordinarily contain administrative groupings that can influence when a message gets interpreted, where in a cell a mRNA is restricted, and to what extent a mRNA keeps going in a cell before it is destroyed.A point by point assessment of these groupings is past the extent of this course. The Genetic Code: Summary of Key Points * The hereditary code is a triplet code, with codons of three bases coding for explicit amino acids. Every triplet codon indicates just a single amino corrosive, however an individual amino corrosive might be determined by more than one codon. * A beginning codon, AUG, sets the understanding casing, and signals the beginning of interpretation of the hereditary code. Interpretation proceeds in a non-covering design until a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) is experienced in outline. The nucleotides between the beginning and stop codons contain an open understanding casing.

2019 Best Brightest Katie Schuchman, University of Pittsburgh

Katie Schuchman 2019 Best Brightest: Katie Schuchman, University of Pittsburgh by: Jeff Schmitt on March 22, 2019 | 0 Comments Comments 567 Views March 22, 2019Katie SchuchmanUniversity of Pittsburghâ€Å"An open-minded and energetic go-getter looking to make my mark on the world.†Fun fact about yourself: I met JuJu Smith-Schuster at a Women in Business event this past fall. Random celebrity encounters are one of the best parts of living in Pittsburgh – you never know who you’re going to run into!Hometown: Reading, PennsylvaniaHigh School: Wilson High SchoolMajor: MarketingMinor: Public and Professional Writing Certificate, Digital Media CertificateFavorite Business Course: Consumer BehaviorExtracurricular Activities, Community Work and Leadership Roles During College:Vice President of Special Events for Women in BusinessFreshman Team Leader for Pitt BusinessInternational Ambassador for Pitt Business International ProgramsStudent Tour Guide for Pitt PathfindersInaugural Wi lma F. Tabisz Memorial Award RecipientTwo-time Pitt Business study abroad participantWhere have you interned during your college career? Over the years, I’ve held four different internships. The first came the summer after my freshman year, when I worked as a Public Relations and Marketing Intern for Berks County Living, a lifestyle publication based in my hometown. While abroad in London, England, I interned with Digital Dialog, a small digital agency based in East London. After my sophomore year, I returned to Pittsburgh and worked as an International Marketing Summer Associate at UPMC. This past summer, I interned in Pittsburgh with Gatesman as a Public Relations Social Media Brandtern.Where will you be working after graduation? UndecidedWhat did you enjoy most about your business school? The connections I made with other students and the Pitt Business staff are so valuable and made my experience worthwhile. Getting to interact with and learn from people from all over the country (and even the world) made me excited to go to class, to work, or to Pitt Business events in general.What is the biggest lesson you gained from studying business? Being a business student has taught me to approach situations from a variety of perspectives to get the best result. Building diverse teams that bring a range of experiences and backgrounds to the table allows for better conversations and, ultimately, more success. Even when I’m not collaborating with others, I work to think about a problem from the viewpoint of someone else. I guess all of those group projects actually paid off!What has surprised you most about majoring in business? Going into business school, I knew I would be getting a solid education that would help me in the future. What I didn’t expect was how much of what I learned would apply to life outside the classroom. For example, I distinctively remember staring out the window and looking at billboards during a bus ride home during fresh man year. Once my parents picked me up, I couldn’t stop talking about the different marketing concepts I had learned in class and how they applied to the ads I had seen on my way home. This experience was the first of many moments where I realized the real value of business. It’s truly a global industry – and not just because your professors say so.â€Å"If I didn’t major in business, I would be majoring in or studying†¦English! When I was younger, I fell in love with The School Story by Andrew Clements and thought that being a book editor was just about the coolest job in the world. Being able to read books, offer comments and critique, and see a story go from words on a page to books on a shelf is still enticing to me. A degree in English would have put me well on my way to pursuing a career in publishing.Who most influenced your decision to pursue business in college? For me, it was less of a â€Å"who† and more of a â€Å"what† tha t solidified my decision to pursue business. My experience organizing my high school Mini-THON sparked a desire to learn about the different aspects of a business as I was doing rudimentary versions of this work every day. Working with and managing dozens of students was an exhilarating challenge and I loved every minute of it. So much of what I did in my leadership role with Mini-THON relates to what I’ve done in business school. My focus on the details and passion for the big picture made studying business the perfect fit for me.Which academic, extracurricular or personal achievement are you most proud of? When making my college decision, I was torn between Pitt and another academic institution with a strong reputation. While the name of the school and the prestige of the program at the other university was very appealing, I ultimately decided to attend the University of Pittsburgh. At Pitt, I was able to forge my own path and create a course of study unique to me and my in terests. This decision ended up affording me more opportunities than I could have dreamed. From being an ambassador for the university to studying abroad in Vietnam and the UK to guiding freshman students through their first semester in business school to working for organizations I truly care about, my collegiate experience has been nothing if not something to be thankful for. I am proud of both the opportunities I’ve been given and the ones I’ve created for others during my time in school. For these reasons, and many more, my decision to Hail to Pitt serves as my proudest accomplishment to date.Which classmate do you most admire? Although I am surrounded by peers who do incredible things each day (shout out to Taylor, Jaime, and Nora), my friend Mike Grott stands out as someone who consistently inspires me. A transfer student from another esteemed university, Mike worked tirelessly to complete not one but two bachelor’s degrees during his time at Pitt. While M ike is success-driven and goal-oriented, his compassion for others and supportive attitude make him not only a great student but a fantastic friend. I admire his tenacity and passion and am thankful for his personal and professional guidance.Who would you most want to thank for your success? I would not be who I am today without my parents. I can’t thank them enough for the constant support and (sometimes unwanted) advice they’ve given me throughout the years. Together, my parents have encouraged me to be confident in myself and my abilities, to be humble and admit when I’m wrong, and to never be afraid to go after what I want out of life. Thank you, Mom and Dad!What are the top two items on your bucket list? After getting a taste of a global lifestyle during my two international experiences, living and working abroad for a few years tops my bucket list. Coming in at a close second is a desire to be actively involved with a charitable nonprofit organization. Whe ther it be serving on an advisory board or starting my own group, I hope to give back to the communities that have given so much to me.What are your hobbies? Some of my favorite things to do include trying new restaurants in Pittsburgh, reading a good book, and hiking (when I have the time). I also love to travel, so I spend a decent amount of my free time dreaming about my upcoming adventures!What made Katie such an invaluable addition to the Class of 2019?â€Å"Beyond her strong academic performance, Katie Schuchman displays a level of maturity far beyond to her peers, and is an insightful, articulate, and personable individual.Two areas of excellence with regard to Katie are her levels of equanimity and productivity.  As a Student Ambassador in the International Programs Office, a large portion of Katie’s role is to serve as an initial point-of-contact for fellow students, staff, and faculty, as well as external providers who visit the International Programs office. Wit hout skipping a beat and always with a positive manner, Katie is quick to aid all who enter the office. In each interaction, Katie speaks with a high level of confidence and compassion, always offers a professional greeting, and responds to all inquiries appropriately.In terms of her productivity, Katie’s work in the International Programs office has been of vital importance to the success of office operations.  Task after task, Katie consistently delivers her projects calm professionalism, whether it be creating print material, customizations to the office blog, email communication, or social media marketing. In addition, Katie is a terrific multi-tasker, who never hesitates to set aside her projects in order to help individuals who enter the office with questions.Additionally, Katie serves as a Freshmen Team Leader (FTL). In this role, Katie is my teaching assistant in BUS 0010 Your Academic Career Success (the one-credit freshmen orientation course). Katie is absolutely invaluable to me in this role. Fall is my busiest time of the year, and Katie has been erringly patient and consistent in supporting me in teaching the class. Katie has never complained when I have had to change our weekly meeting time. Katie is unfailingly well-prepared for class. Additionally, Katie writes the most articulate emails to the students reminding them of upcoming assignments.†Elizabeth Adams Director of Academic Advising Pitt Business Page 1 of 11

A Man s Ethical Behavior Should Be Based Effectually On...

There are certain concepts that have no concrete rules. They can have polar opposite meanings to different people. One of the concepts that follow that paradigm is ethics. For example, Albert Einstein stated, â€Å"A man s ethical behavior should be based effectually on sympathy, education, and social ties and needs; no religious basis is necessary† (Cline). Now, a conservative Christian would more than likely have a qualm or two about Einstein’s statement. The following three scenarios: â€Å"The Lifeboat,† â€Å"The Bank Teller,† and â€Å"The Callous Passerby,† will show my personal code of ethics. In the first scenario â€Å"The Lifeboat,† a ship is going down, and there is only one lifeboat. Add to that the lifeboat has a six-person capacity while unfortunately there are ten people onboard the ship. Therefore, there are four people doomed to die; the question posed is as follows, who lives and who dies? The ten people on board are a wom an under the assumption that she is six months pregnant, a lifeguard, a young married couple, a grandparent of fifteen grandchildren, an elementary school teacher, thirteen-year-old twins, an experienced nurse, and the captain of the ship. The first and most obvious candidate to stay on the vessel would be the captain of the ship. He was responsible for the safety of the passengers. So then, he should take that responsibility seriously and make sure as many of them as possible survive. Next on my list would be the grandparent. They had the chance to liveShow MoreRelatedSda Manual Essay101191 Words   |  405 PagesCopyright  © 1973, 1978, 1984, International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan Bible Publishers. Bible texts credited to RSV are from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright  © 1946, 1952, 1971, by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. Used by permission. Texts credited to RV are from The Holy Bible, Revised Version, Oxford University Press, 1911. Printed in U.S.A. 09 08 07 06 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 0-8280-1947-9

Third Party Conflict Resolution †Sick Leave Essay

Third Party Conflict Resolution – Sick Leave The case of sick leave involved Kelly, who was hired by Soto Board of Education in Japan. Her employment was with The Japan Exchange and Teaching Program (JET) and Conference of Local Authorities for International Relations (CLAIR) had taken over the contracts for the workers of JET. CLAIR’s role was to be a liaison during recruiting and selection, counseling and participant welfare. Their main function was to promote the exchange at the local level. The paper stated that if there was a problem with the host institution, then it was up to the host to address and solve the issue. If the problem didn’t get resolved then the participant could go to CLAIR with their grievances. It was up to†¦show more content†¦678-687). The possible intervention strategies consist of the following: MCS (Means-control strategy)- Manager intervenes in the dispute by influencing the process of resolution (i.e., facilitates interaction assists in communication, explains one disputant’s views to another, clarifies issues, lays down rules for dealing with the dispute, maintains order during talks) but does not attempt to dictate or impose a resolution (through he or she might suggest solutions); The final decision is left to the disputants; high on process control but low on outcome control (e.g., mediation, conciliation). ECS (Ends control strategy): Manager intervenes in the dispute by influencing the outcome (i.e., takes full control of the final resolution, decides what the final decision will be, imposes the resolution on the disputants) but does not attempt to influence the process; the disputants have control over what information is presented and how it is presented; high on out come control but low on process control (e.g., arbitration, adjudication, adversarial intervention). LCS (Low control strategy): Manager does not intervene actively in resolving the dispute; he or she either urges the parties to settle the dispute on their own or merely stays away from the dispute; low on both process and outcome control (e.g., encouraging or telling the parties to negotiate or settle the dispute by themselves, providing impetus). FCS (FullShow MoreRelatedTechniques For Effectively Manage Conflict1208 Words   |  5 Pages Techniques to Effectively Manage Conflict Kaitlin Hodges Indiana University Northwest Techniques to Effectively Manage Conflict The medical profession relies heavily on collaboration and teamwork. Whether the professional is performing surgery or providing care to a sick child, the medical team is obligated to work together in order to efficiently accomplish common goals. However, when individuals are brought together as a team, differences in opinions, interests, knowledgeRead MoreEssay about Business Research Task: Coca-Cola Amatil1868 Words   |  8 Pagesin the work place for both employee and employer. They do this by putting into several practices to ensure the success of the business; effective communications, a rewards system, flexible working conditions, legal compliances and efficient conflict resolution. 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Financial Consumer Protection free essay sample

The paper will also comprise of comprehensive information on laws and regulations relevant for consumer protection and discusses a number of challenges related to empirical analyses of financial consumer protection. 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Financial consumer protection is about ensuring a fair exchange between providers and consumers of financial services. A deliberate policy framework is necessary to counterbalance the inherent disadvantage of financial service consumers’ vis-a-vis the power, information, and resources of their providers. Consumer protection, in the broader sense, refers to the laws and regulations that ensure fair interaction between service providers and consumers. Government intervention and regulation in the area of consumer protection are justified on the basis of inherent information asymmetries and power imbalances in markets, with producers or service providers having more information about the product or service than the consumers. A consumer protection framework generally includes the introduction of greater ransparency and awareness about the goods and services, promotion of competition in the marketplace, prevention of fraud, education of customers, and elimination of unfair practices. Consumer protection frameworks in the financial service industry are evolving as products become more complex and a greater number of people rely on financial services. An effective consumer protection framework includes three complementary aspects. First, it includes laws and regulations governing relations between service providers and users and ensuring fairness, transparency and recourse rights. Second, it requires an effective enforcement mechanism including dispute resolution. Third, it includes promotion of financial literacy and capability by helping users of financial services to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to manage their finances. The recent crisis highlighted shortcomings in the existing consumer protection frameworks in high income countries and prompted a number of broad-ranging reforms. The crisis also made apparent the low levels of financial capability among users of financial services in developed countries. . 3 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1. To analyze the problems and challenges facing financial consumer protection in Kenya. 1. 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objective of this study is: 1. To establish the importance of financial consumer protection especially in Kenya. 2. Provide information on financial consumer protection. 3. Suggest ways of improving and dealing with financial consumer protection. 4. Suggest ways of creating awareness of financial cons umer protection. 5. Estimate the relative use of different service providers by Kenyan financial consumers, so as to focus the analysis on the most important players and issues. 6. To establish Protection against deceptive and unfair trade practices. 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS OR HYPOTHESIS 1. What are factors affecting financial consumer protection? 2. What is the level of financial literacy in Kenya? 3. What are the ways of improving financial consumer protection? 4. What is the extent of financial consumer awareness and education? 5. What are the challenges facing financial consumer awareness? . What are trends in the financial sector? 1. 6 JUSTIFICATION It is quite evident that there are challenges facing financial consumers, the existing laws are in adequate for consumer protection and policies and laws need to be put in place to ensure: 1) Physical protection of the consumer. 2) Protection against deceptive and unfair trade practices. 3) Protection against all types of pollution. 4) Protection agains t the abuse of monopoly position and/or restrictive trade practices. 5) Protection of enjoying the financial consumer rights. . 0 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This literature review focuses on existing academic literature on financial consumer protection,consumer information, financial literacy and financial education. Existing academic literature on financial consumer protection spans law and economics, but is rather limited. One strand of literature derives from behavioral economics and is closely linked to financial literacy. Behavioral economics has often been used to examine consumer behavior and the reasons behind certain consumer choices. This strand of literature acknowledges that the approach of standard models in economics that is, rational consumers and competitive markets may not always hold in actuality. In the financial sector specifically, some studies have argued that consumers are subject to certain behavioral biases, including vulnerability to marketing such as being likely to take up offers that are framed in simple terms. Consumers may not be well-informed, they can get confused when they are presented with many alternatives, and can eventually make systematic mistakes, which could be exploited by providers. In this regard, even well-established and efficient disclosure requirements may not be sufficient. Hence they suggest developing financial market regulations based on behavioral models in which the underlying reasons of certain decisions by the households are investigated, rather than modeling the way in which rational households should make their decisions. Campbell (2006) suggests the use of financial literacy as an avenue of remedy, in addition to well-designed financial consumer protection regulations. Elliehausen (2010) argues that the results of behavioral research could be useful in designing effective regulations in the credit market. These research findings highlight the importance of financial literacy and disclosure requirements in mitigating information asymmetries in the market for financial products and services. The key challenge for the applied research going forward is to identify effective forms for disclosure. For credit products, evidence suggests that disclosing loan terms to customers can help reduce borrowing costs. Despite their importance, there is no universally accepted set of disclosure requirements (i. e. , which terms and conditions are to be disclosed and when, how information should be presented, etc. One approach used to address this issue is through a standardized format in which information is disclosed to consumers, which often includes plain language requirements. Other studies (Collins et al. , 2009, and FSD-Kenya, 2009) support this claim. For example, consumers prefer and better understand when they are quoted the dollar amount of payments and the number of months it will take them to pay off the loan, instead of the details of compounding. However, certain products are necessarily more complex and will require more information to be disclosed, though in the absence of financial iteracy, it is unlikely that this complex information will be understood by the consumer. Unfortunately systematic data on the levels of financial literacy and awareness of financial concepts remains limited. Policy papers focusing on the review of consumer protection and financial literacy indicate that there is no one-size-fits-all approach when it comes to designing consumer protection and financial literacy policy. Financial literacy is low among the poor, especially in developing countries. There is evidence that individuals lack even the understanding of interest rates (Porteous, 2009; FSD-Kenya, 2009). In this respect, providing financial education to the poor to raise their financial capability and establishing better consumer financial protection regulations may turn out to be a better option. Indeed, there is evidence that disclosure requirements lowered microfinance interest rates significantly in countries with competitive microfinance markets. Financial literacy programs and disclosure requirements alone are not sufficient for ensuring good financial consumer protection regulations that correct for information asymmetries and market failures. Regardless of financial literacy levels, service providers, if left unchecked, often have incentives to take advantage of information asymmetries and adopt unfair selling practices that allow for quick and large gains in profits. Hence, fair treatment provisions are also of importance in this regard. While all of these are, in general, aimed at correcting the information asymmetries in the market for financial products and services, another aspect of financial consumer protection is the existence and accessibility of third-party recourse mechanisms. There is not much written on fair treatment practices and recourse mechanisms in the academic literature. The policy paper by Brix and McKee (2010), however, considers these two issues in the context of low-access environments. Brix and McKee (2010) caution the policymakers that fair treatment provisions should be designed in such a way so as not to deter access to financial services. They also suggest starting with a discussion of standards for internal dispute resolution mechanisms, which is more widely feasible than third-party recourse mechanisms. Two recent papers are particularly relevant for our research presented here. Rutledge (2010) provides a detailed analysis of financial consumer protection in banks and non-bank financial institutions in nine countries in Europe and Central Asia. In these transition economies, financial services have developed rapidly in recent years, presenting unique challenges. 3. 0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 INTRODUCTION In research design, there are two major methods of research. These are qualitative research and quantitative research. In quantitative research the aim is to determine the relationship between one thing (an independent variable) and another (a dependent or outcome variable) in a population. Quantitative research designs are either descriptive (subjects usually measured once) or experimental (subjects measured before and after a treatment). For an accurate estimate of the relationship between variables, a descriptive study usually needs a sample of hundreds or even thousands of subjects; an experiment, especially a survey, may need only tens of subjects. The estimate of the relationship is less likely to be biased if you have a high participation rate in a sample selected randomly from a population. In surveys, bias is also less likely if subjects are randomly assigned to treatments, and if subjects and researchers are blind to the identity of the treatments. In my esearch quantitative research method is implemented. Surveys are to be used to gather information from various sources. 3. 2 RESEARCH DESIGN The research design to be used in this study is a survey design. Direct consumer surveys and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) are to be used in the study to understand consumers’ own perceptions of their experience with different products and providers. 3. 3 SAMPLING The survey method is to be used in this study. A random sample of financial consumers and financial service providers and stakeholders are to be selected. 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION Data is to be collected using a semi-structured questionnaire served on respondents through drop and pick methods. The method was chosen because of time and cost. The exercise is to obtain core information and supplementary information is to be obtained through further probing of the respondents and by reading relevant publications of financial consumers and various markets such as capital and money markets. Face-to-face interviews with regulators, supervisory staff, financial service providers and their industry associations, consumer advocacy organizations and researchers is also to be used to collect data. Desk research on relevant laws, regulations, codes of conduct, institutions, and previous reports and research is to be used in collection of data. . 5 DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is to be conducted using Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. Editing is to be undertaken before data analysis. It will involve Identification of relevant experiences from other countries, with a particular focus on measures to improve transparency, fair treatment, recourse, and consumer awareness and financial education. The analysis will also examine the interaction of financial sector laws and regulations with cross-cutting laws and regulations (e. g. , to promote competition or consumer protection across the entire economy) in different jurisdictions. 4. 0 FINDINGS Mass market financial services are growing at an impressive rate in Kenya, generating significant benefits for lower income consumers. Driving this expansion is a broad array of financial service providers. The financial sector regulators provide some consumer protections to the clients of regulated institutions, but such provisions vary by financial institution type and are incomplete and inconsistent across the market as a whole. There is no general or market wide consumer protection law or authority, and therefore users of informal financial service providers – 65% of the population lack legal protection entirely. As a result of the absence of an entity with market-wide jurisdiction, a comprehensive Kenyan approach to financial consumer protection and recourse has yet to find footing in policy or practice. A growing body of evidence from consumer research in Kenya suggests that the welfare of consumers is compromised by the lack of effective price disclosure and dispute resolution mechanisms, and by abusive practices. The findings of this confirm a wide range of practice around disclosure of the prices and conditions of different financial services. For example, loan prices are quoted using a bewildering array of pricing formulas. The large number and type of added fees and commissions adds to the confusion for consumers, especially those new to formal finance. The report addresses these variations in practice in detail, by financial service sector (e. g. , mobile payment service providers, banks, SACCOs, etc. ). The findings draw attention to the particular importance of improved transparency in mass market financial services. Financial services are inherently more complex than most goods or other, more tangible services. On the supply side, providers do not always provide clear information about their products through from the initial marketing and sales process to actual delivery of the service. On the demand side, many consumers that are new to formal finance and are challenged to learn a very different set of rules and structures from those used by the informal arrangements with which they are familiar. They find it difficult to comprehend the prices, key terms and conditions, and all the other details of formal contracts. This demand-side challenge is exacerbated when more than half of mass market consumers have limited numeracy skills. In these circumstances, consistent and effective disclosure is a necessary preventive measure. It can reduce up-front the types of confusion that can easily lead to problems – problems such as misunderstandings about prices, consequences of late payments, or conditions for payment of insurance claims. Standardisation of wording and formats also merits further investigation. When financial access is growing rapidly, as in Kenya, consumers should be able to learn a single set of rules of the game, rather than having to wrestle with different disclosure formats for different providers and products. 4. 0 SCHEDULE Prepare proposal by:1 Nov Complete literature review by:7 Nov Complete fieldwork by:15 Nov Complete analysis by: 1 Dec Give presentation on:3 Dec Complete final report by: 10 Jan 5. 0 CONCLUSION This analysis will present the first step in a systematic assessment of financial consumer protection across a large set of countries. Further refinements in methodology are necessary to better capture the effectiveness of the implementation of the existing financial consumer protection regulations. More importantly, a greater focus by regulators on monitoring compliance and collecting data on consumer complaints and on how they are resolved can help inform public policy. Regulatory impact assessments at the country level, including the impact on the users of financial services, as well as on the cost to financial institutions, are also an important component in determining the most effective approaches to ensuring fair and transparent retail financial markets. 6. 0 RECOMMENDATIONS The key recommendations to improve consumer protection for mass-market financial consumers in Kenya relate to the following areas: 1. Financial consumer awareness and education will be a critical component of any consumer protection regime in Kenya. 2. Regulations that clarify provider liability and responsibility for oversight of third party agents who play a role in the delivery of services. 3. Minimum requirements for provider-level recourse and dispute resolution mechanisms. 4. Putting in place a cross-market consumer protection that will yield another important benefit. It will facilitate consumers learning a single set of rules as the basis for their interaction with financial services providers. 5. The authority can enforce consumer protection regulation across the entire financial market and thereby cover the clients of otherwise unregulated providers. 7. 0 REFERENCES 1. FSD-Kenya (2009). Definition of a Standard Measure for Consumer Interest Rates in Kenya: A Scoping Study, Nairobi: Kenya. [http://www. fsdkenya. org] 2. Nelson, Candace and Angela Wambugu. (August 2008). Financial Education in Kenya. Nairobi: FSD-Kenya. 3. Capital Markets (Licensing Requirements) (General) (Amendment) Regulations, 2007 for Demutualization of the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE) that include an explicit requirement to protect investors. 4. Brix, Laura, and Katharine McKee. (2009). Consumer Protection Regulation in Low-Access Environments: Opportunities to Promote Responsible Finance. Focus Note 60. Washington, D. C. : CG